Washington D.C. [USA], Apr 6 : A new modelling study has found that merely changing the reflectivity of roofs can reduce overheating of cities and make them cooler during heatwaves. It also decreases heat related mortality rate.
The study published in the journal Environment International suggests that implementing cool roofs across a city can reduce peak daytime local temperatures by up to 30C during a heatwave.
This reduction in temperature could potentially offset around 25 per cent of heat related mortality associated with the urban heat island during a heatwave.
Cities are generally a few degrees warmer than the countryside due to the urban heat island effect. This effect is caused partly by a lack of moisture and vegetation in cities compared with rural landscapes, and because urban building materials store up heat.
During heatwaves, daytime temperatures can get dangerously high in cities, leading to serious health effects and increasing mortality risk.
The idea of 'cool' roofs is to make roof surfaces more reflective to sunlight (for example by painting roofs a lighter colour) thereby reducing local temperatures.
Scientists used a regional weather model to look at how temperatures changed across the study city of Birmingham and the West Midlands, depending on the extent of cool roof deployment.
They looked at the hot summers of 2003 and 2006 and found that the intensity of the urban heat island (the urban-rural temperature difference) reached up to 90C for Birmingham city.
Previous work has shown that the extra heat associated with the urban heat island is responsible for around 40-50 per cent of heat related mortality in the West Midlands during a heatwave.
The urban heat island effect is most pronounced at night time because urban materials slowly release their stored heat overnight. However, the biggest benefits of cool roofs were seen to be during the hottest part of the day where sunlight was reflected away.
The type of building made a difference too: modifying only half of all the industrial and commercial buildings had the same impact on lowering temperatures as modifying all the high-intensity residential buildings.
Co-author of the study, Dr Clare Heaviside, said, "Climate change and increasing urbanisation mean that future populations are likely to be at increased risk of overheating in cities, although building and city scale interventions have the potential to reduce this risk.”
"Modelling studies like this one can help to determine the most effective methods to implement in order to reduce health risks in our cities in the future,” he added.