Washington D.C. [USA], Dec 8 : While pollination is an important process to transfer pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma. It also contributes to maintaining a variety of plants and their breeds. Pollinators contribute at an extensive level to the diversification of flowers of different shapes and sizes.
This diversity has arisen in adaptation to selection imposed by different pollinators including among other bees, flies, butterflies, hummingbirds, bats or rodents.
In a recent study, scientists around Agnes Dellinger from the Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research from the University of Vienna investigated flowers of 30 species of a tropical plant group (Merianieae) from the Andes. "Each of these plant species has adapted to pollination by bees, birds, bats or rodents", says Dellinger.
Using High-Resolution X-ray computed tomography, the research team produced 3D-models of these flowers and used geometric-morphometric methods to analyse differences in flower shape among species with different pollinators.
The results of the study were published in the journal Chemical Science.
The researchers could show that flower shapes have evolved in adaptation to the distinct pollinators, but that flower shape evolution was not homogeneous across the flower. In particular, the showy sterile organs of flowers (petals) adapted to the different pollinators more quickly than the rest of the flower: the reproductive organs have evolved more slowly.
"This study is among the first to analyse the entire 3-dimensional flower shape, and it will be exciting to see whether similar evolutionary floral modularity exists in other plant groups", concludes Dellinger.